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Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a naturally occurring antioxidant essential for various biological functions, including collagen synthesis and immune response. It is commonly used in cosmetic and food products for its preservative properties and ability to enhance skin brightness.

Piper nigrum (black pepper) seed extract is derived from the seeds of the black pepper plant, primarily used for its potential antioxidant properties. It is commonly incorporated in cosmetic formulations for its ability to enhance product efficacy and stability.

Tocopherol, specifically d-alpha tocopherol, is a naturally occurring form of Vitamin E. It is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products primarily for its antioxidant properties, helping to protect formulations from oxidation and extend shelf life.

Palm extract is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree and is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products for its emollient properties. It serves to moisturize and improve the texture of formulations, contributing to product stability and skin feel.

Selenium is a trace mineral essential for various bodily functions, including antioxidant activity and thyroid hormone metabolism. It is commonly found in dietary sources such as seafood, meat, and nuts. Selenium plays a role in immune function and may protect against oxidative stress.

Keratin is a fibrous protein commonly found in hair, wool, horns, and nails, serving as a structural component that provides strength and resilience to these tissues. In cosmetic and personal care products, keratin is often used to improve hair texture, promote shine, and enhance overall manageability.

Hyaluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide found in connective tissues, skin, and cartilage, primarily serving as a moisture-retaining agent in cosmetic products. Its primary function is to provide hydration and improve skin elasticity, making it a common ingredient in moisturizers and serums.

Cysteine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins and is involved in various metabolic processes. It serves as a building block for proteins and is essential for the production of antioxidants, particularly glutathione. Cysteine is commonly found in high-protein foods and is also used as a dietary supplement.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is commonly used in dietary supplements and cosmetic products to support healthy hair, skin, and nails, due to its involvement in keratin synthesis.

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, hormone production, and calcium absorption. It is involved in the formation of collagen and contributes to immune function. Lysine is not produced by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements.

Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin important for calcium metabolism and bone health. It is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is also found in some foods and supplements. Its primary function is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Beta carotene is a carotenoid compound primarily sourced from fruits and vegetables that provides coloration and is a precursor to vitamin A. It is often used in food products, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.

Serenoa serrulata fruit extract is an extract derived from the fruit of the Serenoa serrulata plant, commonly known as saw palmetto. It is primarily used in cosmetic formulations for its potential benefits related to skin health and wellness.