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Riboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy production and cellular function. It plays a critical role in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and is commonly used as a dietary supplement and food additive for its color and nutritional benefits.

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, hormone production, and calcium absorption. It is involved in the formation of collagen and contributes to immune function. Lysine is not produced by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements.

Pisum sativum (pea) extract is derived from the seeds of the pea plant and is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It is recognized for its potential to enhance skin hydration and improve texture.

Pyrus malus (apple) fruit extract is derived from the fruit of the apple tree and is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its nourishing properties and potential skin benefits.

Calcium pantothenate is a calcium salt of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cosmetic formulations. It serves as a conditioning agent, promoting skin hydration and improving product texture, thus enhancing the overall effectiveness of formulations.

Cobinamide, a cobalt methyl derivative, serves primarily as a cofactor in enzymatic processes and is involved in the metabolism of certain compounds in the body. It is not currently associated with skin sensitization or common use restrictions.

Hydroxymethylcellulose is a synthetic polymer derived from cellulose, primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and film-forming agent in various personal care and cosmetic products. It enhances texture, stability, and moisture retention, making it suitable for use in creams, lotions, and gels.

Cysteine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins and is involved in various metabolic processes. It serves as a building block for proteins and is essential for the production of antioxidants, particularly glutathione. Cysteine is commonly found in high-protein foods and is also used as a dietary supplement.

Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function. It serves as a coenzyme in the conversion of food into energy and is important for maintaining healthy nerve cells and muscle function.

Palm extract is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree and is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products for its emollient properties. It serves to moisturize and improve the texture of formulations, contributing to product stability and skin feel.

Black tea is a type of tea made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, fully oxidized during processing. It is widely consumed and serves various purposes in food and beverage products, primarily for its flavor and potential health benefits.

Pyridoxine is a substituted aromatic compound, primarily known as vitamin B6. It plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the production of hemoglobin.

Tocopherol, specifically d-alpha tocopherol, is a naturally occurring form of Vitamin E. It is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products primarily for its antioxidant properties, helping to protect formulations from oxidation and extend shelf life.

Beta carotene is a carotenoid compound primarily sourced from fruits and vegetables that provides coloration and is a precursor to vitamin A. It is often used in food products, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a naturally occurring antioxidant essential for various biological functions, including collagen synthesis and immune response. It is commonly used in cosmetic and food products for its preservative properties and ability to enhance skin brightness.

Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin important for calcium metabolism and bone health. It is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is also found in some foods and supplements. Its primary function is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Thiamine hydrochloride, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in carbohydrate metabolism and neuronal function. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement and is essential for the proper functioning of sugars and amino acids in the body.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is commonly used in dietary supplements and cosmetic products to support healthy hair, skin, and nails, due to its involvement in keratin synthesis.

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 (niacin) that serves various functions in skincare and cosmetic products. It is often used for its potential benefits in improving skin texture, enhancing moisture retention, and supporting the skin's barrier function.

Selenium is a trace mineral essential for various bodily functions, including antioxidant activity and thyroid hormone metabolism. It is commonly found in dietary sources such as seafood, meat, and nuts. Selenium plays a role in immune function and may protect against oxidative stress.